An in-depth analysis of China's food system has revealed that current trends are not aligned with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Researchers have used an integrated assessment modeling framework to evaluate 18 key indicators, finding that isolated strategies aimed at public health, environmental sustainability, or economic development can lead to trade-offs. However, adopting a comprehensive approach that combines all three aspects significantly minimizes these trade-offs, leading to improved nutrition, health, environmental conditions, and livelihoods.

The research underscores the critical role of China's food system in achieving global sustainability goals. The study evaluated multiple measures to understand their impact on social and environmental targets. It was discovered that shifting towards healthier diets had the least number of trade-offs and offered broad improvements across various sectors. Conversely, focusing solely on climate change mitigation, ecological conservation, or rapid socioeconomic development resulted in conflicting outcomes between social and environmental objectives.

China's food system is pivotal for meeting the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The study highlights that under present trends, most social and environmental targets are misaligned with this agenda. To address this gap, researchers examined various policy packages. Among these, transitioning to healthier dietary patterns emerged as the most balanced strategy, promoting better nutrition, enhancing public health, protecting the environment, and improving livelihoods. In contrast, singularly focusing on climate action, environmental preservation, or accelerating economic growth led to adverse effects on other fronts.

The findings emphasize the importance of a holistic approach in policy-making. Bundling measures that target public health, environmental sustainability, and economic improvement simultaneously can minimize potential conflicts and maximize benefits. This integrated strategy is crucial for ensuring that China's food system contributes positively to both domestic well-being and global sustainability efforts. By adopting such a comprehensive approach, policymakers can foster a resilient and sustainable food system that supports long-term prosperity and environmental health.

The research provides valuable insights into the complexities of aligning China's food system with global sustainability goals. It demonstrates that while individual measures may have unintended consequences, a bundled approach can harmonize social and environmental outcomes. Policymakers should prioritize integrated strategies to achieve balanced progress across health, environment, and economy, thereby contributing effectively to the UN's 2030 Agenda. This approach not only enhances the resilience of China's food system but also promotes a more sustainable and equitable future for all.